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 Proto-Turkic Altaic etymology Meaning Russian meaning Old Turkic Karakhanid Turkish Tatar Middle Turkic Uzbek Uighur Sary-Yughur Azerbaidzhan Turkmen Khakassian Shor Oyrat Halaj Chuvash Yakut Dolgan Tuva Tofalar Kirghiz Kazakh Noghai Bashkir Balkar Gagauz Karaim Karakalpak Salar Kumyk Comments
face="Times New Roman Star"*ob-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to crush, mince, grindface="Times New Roman Star"äàâèòü, êðîøèòü, ìîëîòü, èçìåëü÷àòü
face="Times New Roman Star"uv- (ov-) (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"ov-, og|-face="Times New Roman Star"u(w)-

face="Times New Roman Star"uva-face="Times New Roman Star"ug|-face="Times New Roman Star"ov-face="Times New Roman Star"ov-face="Times New Roman Star"ug|-

face="Times New Roman Star"hu_v- 'rub'face="Times New Roman Star"úw|v- 'grind'face="Times New Roman Star"ub-ax
face="Times New Roman Star"u:-



face="Times New Roman Star"yw-face="Times New Roman Star"uw-face="Times New Roman Star"u:-face="Times New Roman Star"uw-

face="Times New Roman Star"uw-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 510, ÝÑÒß 1, 401-403, 560-561, EDT 4-5.
face="Times New Roman Star"*syjpa-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to knead, caressface="Times New Roman Star"ðàñòèðàòü, ãëàäèòü, ëàñêàòü


face="Times New Roman Star"syjpa-, sypyr-face="Times New Roman Star"sipa- (R.)face="Times New Roman Star"sijpa-face="Times New Roman Star"sipa-

face="Times New Roman Star"sy:pa- (syjpa-)face="Times New Roman Star"syjba-face="Times New Roman Star"si:ba-, syba-face="Times New Roman Star"syjma-



face="Times New Roman Star"sujba-
face="Times New Roman Star"syjpa-face="Times New Roman Star"syjpa-face="Times New Roman Star"syjpa-face="Times New Roman Star"hyjpa-, hypyr-face="Times New Roman Star"syjpa-
face="Times New Roman Star"sypa-face="Times New Roman Star"syjpa-
face="Times New Roman Star"syjpa-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 415, ÝÑÒß 7.
face="Times New Roman Star"*byrak-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to let, to abandon 2 to send 3 to throwface="Times New Roman Star"1 áðîñàòü 2 ïîêèäàòü 3 ïîñûëàòü
face="Times New Roman Star"byraq-, byrag|- (IM) 1face="Times New Roman Star"byrak- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"byraq- (Pav. C.), (OKypch.) 1


face="Times New Roman Star"burax- 1, 2

face="Times New Roman Star"purqa- (R) 3face="Times New Roman Star"byrk-yra- 'to scatter, become scattered'
face="Times New Roman Star"púw|rax- 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"byrax- 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"byrak- 1, 3




face="Times New Roman Star"byraq-tyr- 'to throw out'

face="Times New Roman Star"byraq- (K) 1, 3

face="Times New Roman Star"burax- (dial.) 2face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 74, ÝÑÒß 2, 307-308, Åãîðîâ 148, Ôåäîòîâ I 399-400, Stachowski 71.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 opposite 2 be opposite, meet 3 banditface="Times New Roman Star"1 ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûé 2 âñòðå÷àòüñÿ 3 ðàçáîéíèêface="Times New Roman Star"qars?y (OUygh.) 1; qaraqc?y (OUygh.) 3face="Times New Roman Star"qars?u (MK, KB), qars?y (KB) 1, qaraqc?y (KB) 3, qaraqla- (MK) 'to rob'
face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq (Pav. C., Abush.) 3face="Times New Roman Star"qe|re|qc?i 3


face="Times New Roman Star"Gars?y- 2; Garaq 3



face="Times New Roman Star"xir@s/- 2; xorax 3face="Times New Roman Star"xar, xa:r 1 (Ïåê.); xar-da 'retaliation'; xarys- 'to fight (with each other)'face="Times New Roman Star"kar-da 'retaliation', karys- 'to fight'

face="Times New Roman Star"qaraqc?y 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3


face="Times New Roman Star"qaraqs?y 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 235, ÝÑÒß 5, 294-295, 326-327, Àøì. XVI, 219-220, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 365-366, Stachowski 139, 140. Chuv. xir@s/- may actually reflect a different root (see *geru"l/-), or a contamination. Turk. qars?y > Mong. qarsi (Clark 1980, 41). Cf. also *Karma 'robbery'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*(i)an/ygface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"sin, evilface="Times New Roman Star"ãðåõ, çëîface="Times New Roman Star"an/yg| (Orkh., OUygh.), ajyg| (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ajyg| (MK)












face="Times New Roman Star"ajy:face="Times New Roman Star"an/y:











face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 20, EDT 182, ÝÑÒß 1, 113, Stachowski 34.
face="Times New Roman Star"*sy:r-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 arrow, tip of an arrow 2 sabre 3 fightface="Times New Roman Star"1 ñòðåëà, íàêîíå÷íèê ñòðåëû 2 ñàáëÿ 3 áèòâà








face="Times New Roman Star"sy:rma 2face="Times New Roman Star"syr 1


face="Times New Roman Star"s?úrúm 3face="Times New Roman Star"yrba 1












face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 418 (Khak.)
face="Times New Roman Star"*somface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 number; honour 2 shape, silhouetteface="Times New Roman Star"1 ÷èñëî, ñ÷åò; ïî÷åò 2 ôîðìà, âèä









face="Times New Roman Star"som 2
face="Times New Roman Star"som 2face="Times New Roman Star"soma 2face="Times New Roman Star"som 1face="Times New Roman Star"omoon 2
face="Times New Roman Star"soma 2










face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 427, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 61-62, ÝÑÒß 7. The relationship to *so:m 'whole (piece)' (see ibid.) is not quite clear.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ser-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to endure, be patient; to stay immobile, linger 2 to spreadface="Times New Roman Star"1 áûòü òåðïåëèâûì; çàäåðæèâàòüñÿ, îñòàâàòüñÿ â îäíîì ïîëîæåíèè 2 ðàñòÿãèâàòüface="Times New Roman Star"ser-, seril- 1 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ser- 1, seril- 'to sway and almost fall down' (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"ser- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ser- 2 (Ettuhf.)face="Times New Roman Star"sa"r- 2 (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"sa"r- 2face="Times New Roman Star"sa"r- 2face="Times New Roman Star"ser- 2



face="Times New Roman Star"sar- 2








face="Times New Roman Star"ser- 2face="Times New Roman Star"ser- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ser- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 411, EDT 843, 851, ÝÑÒß 7. Some authors express doubt as to the compatibility of OT and modern Turkic forms; it seems, however, that the meanings are unitable within a trans.-intrans. opposition ("spread" - "to be spread > remain".
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kum- / *Kym-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to wrap, tuckface="Times New Roman Star"ïîäâîðà÷èâàòü, ïîäòûêàòü


face="Times New Roman Star"qymty-
face="Times New Roman Star"qimti-





face="Times New Roman Star"qym-

face="Times New Roman Star"kumuj-
face="Times New Roman Star"qumza 'package'
face="Times New Roman Star"qymty-face="Times New Roman Star"qymty-, qymta-face="Times New Roman Star"qymty-face="Times New Roman Star"qymty-


face="Times New Roman Star"qymty-, qymta-

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 301, ÝÑÒß 6, 221-223.
face="Times New Roman Star"*du"l/-u"n-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to think, understandface="Times New Roman Star"äóìàòü, ïîíèìàòüface="Times New Roman Star"tu"s?u"-t-le-n-il- (OUygh.), tu"s?u"n- (OUygh. - USp.)
face="Times New Roman Star"du"s?u"n-face="Times New Roman Star"to"s?en-face="Times New Roman Star"du"s?u"n- (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"tus?un-face="Times New Roman Star"tu"s?u"n-, c?u"s?u"n-
face="Times New Roman Star"du"s?u"n-face="Times New Roman Star"du"s?u"n-

face="Times New Roman Star"tu"z?u"-met 'intelligent, reasonable'

face="Times New Roman Star"tu"s 'serious, reasonable'


face="Times New Roman Star"tu"s?u"n-face="Times New Roman Star"tu"sin-face="Times New Roman Star"tu"sin-

face="Times New Roman Star"du"s?u"n-face="Times New Roman Star"tu"s?u"n-face="Times New Roman Star"tu"sin-
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"s?u"n-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 507, EDT 562, ÝÑÒß 335-336.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ta:la-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to rob, plunder 2 to harm, slanderface="Times New Roman Star"1 ãðàáèòü 2 âðåäèòü, êëåâåòàòüface="Times New Roman Star"tala- 2 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1 (KB)face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1 (Abush., Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1face="Times New Roman Star"ta:la- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tula- 2face="Times New Roman Star"tala:- 1 (Ïåê. 3, 2533)


face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1

face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tala- 1face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 458, TMN 2, No 923, Àøì. XIV, 119-120, EDT 492 (should be distinguished from *da:la- 'to bite').
face="Times New Roman Star"*saranface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"miser, miserlyface="Times New Roman Star"ñêóïîé, ñêðÿãàface="Times New Roman Star"saran (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"saran (MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"saran
face="Times New Roman Star"saran|face="Times New Roman Star"saran|face="Times New Roman Star"saran



face="Times New Roman Star"saran, saram

face="Times New Roman Star"aran|



face="Times New Roman Star"saran|
face="Times New Roman Star"haran

face="Times New Roman Star"saran, saran|face="Times New Roman Star"saran|

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 403, EDT 853-854, ÝÑÒß 7. Cf. Chuv. soran 'wound, loss, damage'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*sia:l/-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 wild 2 to be astonished 3 to slanderface="Times New Roman Star"1 äèêèé 2 áûòü èçóìëåííûì 3 êëåâåòàòü
face="Times New Roman Star"sas? 1 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"s?as?- 2




face="Times New Roman Star"c?as?- 2face="Times New Roman Star"c?a:s?- 2


face="Times New Roman Star"s?as?qa- 3face="Times New Roman Star"s?uldra 'pert'













face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 405.
face="Times New Roman Star"*jAsa-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to determine, govern 2 to createface="Times New Roman Star"1 îïðåäåëÿòü, óïðàâëÿòü 2 ñîçäàâàòü

face="Times New Roman Star"jasa- 1face="Times New Roman Star"jasa- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"jasa- 1 (Ettuhf., Pav. C., Abush.) 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"jasa- 2face="Times New Roman Star"jasa- 2

face="Times New Roman Star"jasa- 2face="Times New Roman Star"c?aza- 2face="Times New Roman Star"c?aza- 2face="Times New Roman Star"jaza-, d/aza- 1, 2



face="Times New Roman Star"c?aza- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"z?|asa- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"z?asa- 2face="Times New Roman Star"jasa- 2face="Times New Roman Star"jaha- 1, 2

face="Times New Roman Star"jasa- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"z?asa- 2face="Times New Roman Star"jasa- 2face="Times New Roman Star"jasa- 2face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 191, ÝÑÒß 4, 150-152. The verb has been also read in the Ku"l-Tegin inscription (8th c.), but Clauson (EDT 974) contests the reading. Turk. > Mong. z?|asa- id. (KW 468), whence Evk. z?|asa- etc., see Doerfer MT 61; TMN 4, 92-96, EDT and Ùåðáàê 1997, 204, however, regard the Turkic forms as Mongolisms).
face="Times New Roman Star"*ku"(b)face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 fame 2 wisdom 3 famousface="Times New Roman Star"1 ñëàâà 2 ìóäðîñòüface="Times New Roman Star"ku" (Orkh., OUygh.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"ku" (MK, KB)





face="Times New Roman Star"ku"j 'roar'face="Times New Roman Star"ku"j 2face="Times New Roman Star"ku"-lu"k 2face="Times New Roman Star"ku"g (R)face="Times New Roman Star"ku" 'roar', ku"lu"k 3





face="Times New Roman Star"ku" 'sound, roar', ku"lu"k 3face="Times New Roman Star"ku"lu"k 3







face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 306, ÝÑÒß 5, 128-129, 140-141, TMN 3, 653.
face="Times New Roman Star"*KAc?-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 panic and disorder 2 crazy 3 (to act) inimically, cattily 4 annoyance 5 joke 6 to mockface="Times New Roman Star"1 ïàíèêà è áåñïîðÿäîê 2 áåçóìíûé 3 (ïîñòóïàòü) íàçëî, çëîáñòâîâàòü 4 äîñàäà 5 øóòêà 6 íàñìåõàòüñÿ
face="Times New Roman Star"qac?ys? 1 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"kac?yk 2






face="Times New Roman Star"xac?a- 3, xac?ag| 4face="Times New Roman Star"qaz?|an| 5face="Times New Roman Star"qac?as? 3 (adj.)



face="Times New Roman Star"qyz?yrt- 6










face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 217, EDT 593. MK's gloss is analysed as a reciprocal derivative < *Kac?- 'to flee', but this is obviously a folk etymology.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Tu"menface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"ten thousand; very muchface="Times New Roman Star"äåñÿòü òûñÿ÷; î÷åíü ìíîãîface="Times New Roman Star"tu"men (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"tu"men (MK, KB), (Kypch. 14 cent.) du"menface="Times New Roman Star"tu"menface="Times New Roman Star"to"me|nface="Times New Roman Star"tu"men (Abush., Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"tumanface="Times New Roman Star"tu"ma"nface="Times New Roman Star"tu">men (ßÆÓ)
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"men (arch.)

face="Times New Roman Star"tu"men

face="Times New Roman Star"tu"ma"n
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"men
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"mo"n




face="Times New Roman Star"tu"men, kimen, timen


face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 504, EDT 507-508, Ëåêñèêà 574-575. In general we agree with Doerfer's arguments (TMN 2, 632-642: the Turkic word is the source of Persian tu:ma:n '10000', not vice versa, although in some cases the word was borrowed back into Turkic (in particular: Az. tu"ma"n, Khal. tima"n 'a Persian coin', KBalk., Kum. tu"men '10 roubles'); the Tokharian word, whose IE source is highly dubious, is most probably < Turkic; a Chinese source is extremely dubious). Turk. > Mong. tu"men (see TMN 2, 641, Ùåðáàê 1997, 160), whence Evk. tumen etc., see Doerfer MT 78. Weak evidence of initial voice (*d- should be expected in PT) may be due to later cultural interborrowing.
face="Times New Roman Star"*a>lface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 lower side, below 2 (as adj.) being below , lowerface="Times New Roman Star"1 íèç, íèæíÿÿ ñòîðîíà 2 íèæíèéface="Times New Roman Star"altyn 2 (Yen. ÏÌÊ 90, OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"altyn 2 (MK, IM), alt 1 (\X<1.193>Tefs.\x)face="Times New Roman Star"alt 1face="Times New Roman Star"alt 1 (dial., ßÁÒ 126)


face="Times New Roman Star"alty 1 (ßÆÓ 14)face="Times New Roman Star"alt 1
face="Times New Roman Star"alty 1face="Times New Roman Star"alty 1face="Times New Roman Star"ald 1, altyg|y 2; alty 1 {(Áàñê. Òóáà)}face="Times New Roman Star"a[:]lt 1face="Times New Roman Star"old(ú) 'gusset'face="Times New Roman Star"alyn 1face="Times New Roman Star"alyn 1face="Times New Roman Star"a'ldy 1face="Times New Roman Star"aldyn 'â íèçîâüå ðåêè' (Ðàñ. ÔèË 153)face="Times New Roman Star"ald(y) 1



face="Times New Roman Star"alt 1face="Times New Roman Star"alt 1 (K)


face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 14, ÝÑÒß 1, 140-141, Stachowski 32. VEWT confuses (after Bang and Brockelmann) the roots *al- 'below' and *a:l 'front'. They are indeed mixed in Kirgh. and Oyr. lit., where we have ald 'front, below', but are distinguished in dialects (Tuba: ald 'front', with a voicing in the consonant cluster after an old long vowel, but alty 'below'). The Chuv. form probably goes back to the compound *koltuk alty 'axillary concavity, gusset' (attested in Tur., Gag., Az., see Äûáî 154). Most languages reflect *al-ty- (the simple form al is not attested, see the discussion in EDT 121), but the reality of the root *a>l is proved by a different derivative in Yakut. Cf. also Sib.-Tat. alas?a 'low, low place' (ÊÑÒÒ 100). Another possible old derivative in -c?ak may be PT *al/(c?)ak (Karakh. as?aq, Turkm. as?a:q etc., see ÝÑÒß 1, 214-215) 'below, bottom part; low, humble': its traditional derivation from *a:l/- 'to cross (a mountain)' is unsatisfactory both phonetically and semantically. A certain problem is the attribution of the adjective *al-c?ak (see ÝÑÒß 1, 143-144, EDT 129). Older occurrences of alc?aq (MK, KB, Tefs., Rabg. etc.) present the meaning 'modest, humble'; cf. also Sib.-Tat. alcaq 'valetudinarian' (ÊÑÒÒ 101), Turkm. alc?ak 'affable' and perhaps Tur. alc?ak 'mean, vile', alc?a- 'to offend, humiliate'. This group of forms may in fact reflect a different root, otherwise represented by PT *Alyg, see under *a:\le 'weak, tired'. Another group of forms - Chag. alc?aq 'bas' (Pav. C.), Tur., Az., Crim.-Tat. (and Oghuz texts like Korkut) alc?aq 'low, low place' probably represents an Oghuz innovative derivation in -c?ak from the root al- (which is why -lc?- did not yield -s?- here), perhaps influenced by Mong. alc?a-gar, alc?a-n 'stunted, undersized', derived from Mong. alc?aji- 'to spread legs apart'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu:c?-gak, -makface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"(outer) corner, angleface="Times New Roman Star"âíåøíèé óãîë
face="Times New Roman Star"buc?g|aq (MK) 'region of the world, corner'face="Times New Roman Star"buz?|akface="Times New Roman Star"poc?maqface="Times New Roman Star"buz?|aq (Sangl.)


face="Times New Roman Star"buz?|ag|face="Times New Roman Star"bu:z?|aq 'lower ends of a winebag'



face="Times New Roman Star"p@w|s/mex








face="Times New Roman Star"buz?|aqface="Times New Roman Star"buc?aq, buc?qaq


face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 85, ÝÑÒß 2, 282-283. Despite EDT 294 and Clark 1980, 38, not derived < *byc?- 'cut' (because of semantic and phonetic - vowel length and vowel quality - differences).
face="Times New Roman Star"*Atyr/face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"watered field, boundaryface="Times New Roman Star"îðîøàåìîå ïîëå, ìåæà
face="Times New Roman Star"atyz 'any strip of land between two dikes' (MK)



face="Times New Roman Star"etiz

face="Times New Roman Star"atyz
face="Times New Roman Star"adys 'çàãîí 1/18 äåñÿòèíû'






face="Times New Roman Star"adyr 'õîëìèñòàÿ ìåñòíîñòü, óâàëû'face="Times New Roman Star"atyz







face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 31, EDT 73. Turk. > Mong. atiz (Ùåðáàê 1997, 102). Cf. also *a:tag 'island'.
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